2026 Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Bachelor’s Degree Schools
Looking for the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences bachelor’s degree programs in the United States? Our ranking highlights 199 schools by value — the balance of cost and student outcomes, using our 2026 methodology. The rankings below weigh factors such as tuition, student debt, and post-graduation earnings to surface the strongest return on investment.
So you can compare your options, Healthcare Degree Search analyzed schools to build this 2026 value ranking, drawing primarily on U.S. Department of Education data (IPEDS and College Scorecard). View our full ranking methodology.
Top 25 Best-Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Bachelor’s Degree Schools in the United States
Explore the best-value schools below:
Our analysis found South Dakota State University to be the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences school in the United States. This public school is set in Brookings, SD. In-state tuition and fees run about $9,299, with out-of-state students paying around $12,809. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $26,000. Median earnings reach $55,070 ten years out. Set against $26,000 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. South Dakota State University admits about 98% of applicants. More on South Dakota State University
North Dakota State University Main Campus came in at #2 on this year's best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences ranking in the United States. Located in Fargo, ND, North Dakota State University Main Campus is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $10,910, compared with $15,564 for out-of-state students. Students borrow a median of $19,500 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $62,203. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. North Dakota State University Main Campus has an acceptance rate of 95%. Read the full report on North Dakota State University Main Campus
Out of the 199 schools in the United States in this year's value ranking, The University Of Tennessee Health Science Center landed the #3 spot. This public school is set in Memphis, TN. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,911, with out-of-state students paying around $25,644. Graduates carry a median of $25,679 in student loans. Ten years after enrolling, students earn a median of $66,318. That is a strong return on a $25,679 median debt. Read more about The University Of Tennessee Health Science Center
A rank of #5 makes Southwestern Oklahoma State University one of the best values in the United States. Set in Weatherford, OK, Southwestern Oklahoma State University is a public institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $8,469, compared with $8,499 for out-of-state students. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $16,250. Southwestern Oklahoma State University alumni report median earnings of $45,744 a decade after entry. Set against $16,250 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Read the full report on Southwestern Oklahoma State University
East Tennessee State University ranked #6 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Set in Johnson City, TN, East Tennessee State University is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $10,216, while out-of-state students pay about $13,726. East Tennessee State University Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $21,301 in debt. East Tennessee State University alumni report median earnings of $44,859 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,301 median debt. The acceptance rate is 86%. More on East Tennessee State University
University Of Toledo landed the #7 spot for value in the United States this year. This public school is set in Toledo, OH. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,157, with out-of-state students paying around $21,517. Graduates carry a median of $25,000 in student loans. Graduates go on to earn a median of $50,632 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 92%. Get the full University Of Toledo report
University Of Louisiana Monroe came in at #8 in this year's value ranking. University Of Louisiana Monroe is a public school based in Monroe, LA. Students from in state pay about $9,190 in tuition and fees, while out-of-state students pay about $21,290. University Of Louisiana Monroe Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $22,465 in debt. Median earnings reach $46,769 ten years out. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. About 85% of those who apply are admitted. Get the full University Of Louisiana Monroe report
University Of Mississippi Main Campus landed the #9 spot for value in the United States this year. Set in University, MS, University Of Mississippi Main Campus is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $9,772, with out-of-state students paying around $28,600. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $21,000. University Of Mississippi Main Campus alumni report median earnings of $50,994 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,000 median debt. University Of Mississippi Main Campus has an acceptance rate of 97%. Read the full report on University Of Mississippi Main Campus
West Chester University Of Pennsylvania ranked #10 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. This public school is set in West Chester, PA. Students from in state pay about $10,775 in tuition and fees, compared with $22,599 for out-of-state students. Median earnings reach $61,258 ten years out. About 78% of those who apply are admitted. See the full West Chester University Of Pennsylvania profile
University Of Hawaii At Hilo ranked #11 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Set in Hilo, HI, University Of Hawaii At Hilo is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $7,838 in tuition and fees, while out-of-state students pay about $20,798. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $20,500. Median earnings reach $47,856 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $20,500 median debt. Roughly 61% of applicants are accepted. Read more about University Of Hawaii At Hilo
Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences ranked #12 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Located in Albany, NY, Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $41,125. Graduates carry a median of $27,000 in student loans. Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences alumni report median earnings of $131,426 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $27,000 median debt. Roughly 53% of applicants are accepted. More on Albany College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences
University Of Kansas ranked #13 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. This public school is set in Lawrence, KS. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,102, with out-of-state students paying around $30,432. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $19,151. Graduates go on to earn a median of $61,945 ten years after entry. Set against $19,151 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 94%. Read the full report on University Of Kansas
Purdue University Main Campus landed the #14 spot for value in the United States this year. Located in West Lafayette, IN, Purdue University Main Campus is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $9,992, while out-of-state students pay about $28,794. Students borrow a median of $19,046 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $72,424 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $19,046 median debt. Roughly 50% of applicants are accepted. More on Purdue University Main Campus
Ohio Northern University placed #15 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Ohio Northern University is a private not-for-profit school based in Ada, OH. Students from in state pay about $39,600 in tuition and fees. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $27,000. Ohio Northern University alumni report median earnings of $80,928 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $27,000 median debt. Roughly 74% of applicants are accepted. More on Ohio Northern University
University Of Georgia ranked #16 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Set in Athens, GA, University Of Georgia is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $11,450, while out-of-state students pay about $31,688. Graduates carry a median of $23,761 in student loans. University Of Georgia alumni report median earnings of $68,726 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. About 38% of those who apply are admitted. Read more about University Of Georgia
University Of New Mexico Main Campus offered strong value this year, earning the #17 position. This public school is set in Albuquerque, NM. In-state tuition and fees average $10,140, compared with $33,060 for out-of-state students. University Of New Mexico Main Campus Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $19,738 in debt. Graduates go on to earn a median of $44,792 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $19,738 median debt. University Of New Mexico Main Campus admits about 95% of applicants. Read more about University Of New Mexico Main Campus
University Of South Carolina Columbia landed the #17 spot for value in the United States this year. Based in Columbia, SC, University Of South Carolina Columbia is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $12,688, with out-of-state students paying around $36,298. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $24,472. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $62,177. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 60%. Get the full University Of South Carolina Columbia report
Northern Michigan University placed #19 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Located in Marquette, MI, Northern Michigan University is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $14,322, while out-of-state students pay about $19,944. Students borrow a median of $22,608 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Northern Michigan University alumni report median earnings of $47,107 a decade after entry. Set against $22,608 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Northern Michigan University admits about 84% of applicants. Get the full Northern Michigan University report
Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University placed #20 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University is a public school based in Tallahassee, FL. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $5,785, while out-of-state students pay about $17,725. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $26,824 in debt. Graduates go on to earn a median of $44,349 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $26,824 median debt. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University has an acceptance rate of 21%. Read the full report on Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University
Massachusetts College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences ranked #21 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Massachusetts College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences is a private not-for-profit school based in Boston, MA. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $40,530. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $27,000. Graduates go on to earn a median of $125,557 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. About 85% of those who apply are admitted. Get the full Massachusetts College Of Pharmacy And Health Sciences report
Temple University placed #22 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Based in Philadelphia, PA, Temple University is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $23,005 in tuition and fees, compared with $38,805 for out-of-state students. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $26,259. Graduates go on to earn a median of $63,727 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 80%. Read more about Temple University
The University Of Montana ranked #23 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. This public school is set in Missoula, MT. In-state tuition and fees average $8,552, while out-of-state students pay about $33,671. Students borrow a median of $24,342 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Graduates go on to earn a median of $44,511 ten years after entry. Set against $24,342 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Roughly 96% of applicants are accepted. More on The University Of Montana
University Of Wisconsin Madison ranked #24 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Set in Madison, WI, University Of Wisconsin Madison is a public institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $11,603, with out-of-state students paying around $42,103. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $21,813. Graduates go on to earn a median of $73,792 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $21,813 median debt. University Of Wisconsin Madison admits about 45% of applicants. More on University Of Wisconsin Madison
Cleveland State University came in at #25 in this year's value ranking. Cleveland State University is a public school based in Cleveland, OH. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $12,982, compared with $18,502 for out-of-state students. Graduates carry a median of $26,336 in student loans. Graduates go on to earn a median of $52,131 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 91%. More on Cleveland State University
Saint John Fisher College landed the #26 spot for value in the United States this year. Saint John Fisher College is a private not-for-profit school based in Rochester, NY. In-state tuition and fees average $41,190. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $25,086. Graduates go on to earn a median of $66,944 ten years after entry. Set against $25,086 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Saint John Fisher College has an acceptance rate of 66%. Get the full Saint John Fisher College report
Rest of the Top 50 Best-Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Bachelor’s Degree Schools in the United States
Not far behind, these schools also offered excellent value:
University Of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Campus offered strong value this year, earning the #27 position. Based in Pittsburgh, PA, University Of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Campus is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $21,926, with out-of-state students paying around $41,430. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $25,500. Median earnings reach $66,125 ten years out. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. University Of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Campus has an acceptance rate of 58%. More on University Of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Campus
Mercer University came in at #28 in this year's value ranking. Located in Macon, GA, Mercer University is a private not-for-profit institution. Students from in state pay about $31,565 in tuition and fees. Students borrow a median of $32,463 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $58,354. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Mercer University has an acceptance rate of 69%. More on Mercer University
Samford University offered strong value this year, earning the #29 position. Samford University is a private not-for-profit school based in Birmingham, AL. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $40,150. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $12,000. Samford University alumni report median earnings of $58,469 a decade after entry. That is a strong return on a $12,000 median debt. About 82% of those who apply are admitted. More on Samford University
University Of Arizona landed the #30 spot for value in the United States this year. University Of Arizona is a public school based in Tucson, AZ. In-state tuition and fees average $13,573, while out-of-state students pay about $39,903. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $21,861. Graduates go on to earn a median of $59,979 ten years after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 86%. More on University Of Arizona
Campbell University placed #30 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. Located in Buies Creek, NC, Campbell University is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees average $41,600. Graduates carry a median of $23,065 in student loans. Graduates go on to earn a median of $54,886 ten years after entry. That is a strong return on a $23,065 median debt. Roughly 87% of applicants are accepted. Get the full Campbell University report
University At Buffalo ranked #32 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Based in Buffalo, NY, University At Buffalo is a public institution. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $10,936, compared with $31,536 for out-of-state students. Graduates carry a median of $22,232 in student loans. Graduates go on to earn a median of $70,814 ten years after entry. Set against $22,232 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 74%. Get the full University At Buffalo report
Ohio State University Main Campus came in at #33 in this year's value ranking. Based in Columbus, OH, Ohio State University Main Campus is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $13,244, while out-of-state students pay about $40,022. Ohio State University Main Campus Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $20,500 in debt. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $60,409. Set against $20,500 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 61%. More on Ohio State University Main Campus
Cedarville University ranked #34 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. This private not-for-profit school is set in Cedarville, OH. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $37,150. Students borrow a median of $18,500 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. Cedarville University alumni report median earnings of $55,443 a decade after entry. Set against $18,500 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. About 65% of those who apply are admitted. Read the full report on Cedarville University
Concordia University Wisconsin offered strong value this year, earning the #35 position. Set in Mequon, WI, Concordia University Wisconsin is a private not-for-profit institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $35,470. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $27,172. Median earnings reach $56,075 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $27,172 median debt. Roughly 78% of applicants are accepted. Get the full Concordia University Wisconsin report
University Of California Davis landed the #35 spot for value in the United States this year. This public school is set in Davis, CA. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $15,804, compared with $47,692 for out-of-state students. Graduates carry a median of $13,470 in student loans. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $80,838. Set against $13,470 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Roughly 42% of applicants are accepted. Read more about University Of California Davis
Duquesne University landed the #37 spot for value in the United States this year. Set in Pittsburgh, PA, Duquesne University is a private not-for-profit institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $48,986. Students borrow a median of $26,297 to complete their Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program here. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $74,742. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. The acceptance rate is 84%. Read the full report on Duquesne University
Francis Marion University landed the #38 spot for value in the United States this year. Based in Florence, SC, Francis Marion University is a public institution. In-state tuition and fees average $11,170, with out-of-state students paying around $21,544. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $30,577. Median earnings reach $43,888 ten years out. That is a strong return on a $30,577 median debt. Francis Marion University admits about 86% of applicants. More on Francis Marion University
South College offered strong value this year, earning the #39 position. South College is a private for-profit school based in Knoxville, TN. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $18,535. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $24,533. Median earnings reach $36,642 ten years out. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Read the full report on South College
Desales University came in at #40 in this year's value ranking. Located in Center Valley, PA, Desales University is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $46,800. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $27,524. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $61,295. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Roughly 77% of applicants are accepted. See the full Desales University profile
Hampton University landed the #41 spot for value in the United States this year. Hampton University is a private not-for-profit school based in Hampton, VA. Students from in state pay about $30,592 in tuition and fees. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $26,169. Median earnings reach $59,159 ten years out. Set against $26,169 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Roughly 62% of applicants are accepted. Read more about Hampton University
Long Island University C W Post Campus landed the #42 spot for value in the United States this year. Located in Brookville, NY, Long Island University C W Post Campus is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees run about $42,432. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $25,000. Long Island University C W Post Campus alumni report median earnings of $59,950 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. Roughly 86% of applicants are accepted. More on Long Island University C W Post Campus
Saint Louis University Main Campus ranked #43 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Located in Saint Louis, MO, Saint Louis University Main Campus is a private not-for-profit institution. In-state tuition and fees average $55,760. Graduates carry a median of $26,586 in student loans. Saint Louis University Main Campus alumni report median earnings of $70,783 a decade after entry. Set against $26,586 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. About 75% of those who apply are admitted. Read the full report on Saint Louis University Main Campus
University Of Michigan Ann Arbor offered strong value this year, earning the #44 position. This public school is set in Ann Arbor, MI. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $18,848, compared with $63,081 for out-of-state students. The median Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences program debt is $15,775. Median earnings reach $83,648 ten years out. Set against $15,775 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. University Of Michigan Ann Arbor admits about 16% of applicants. Read more about University Of Michigan Ann Arbor
University Of Massachusetts Lowell came in at #45 in this year's value ranking. This public school is set in Lowell, MA. Expect in-state tuition and fees of around $16,966, compared with $36,264 for out-of-state students. University Of Massachusetts Lowell Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences students take on a median of $25,574 in debt. Median earnings reach $64,874 ten years out. Set against $25,574 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. The acceptance rate is 83%. Get the full University Of Massachusetts Lowell report
University Of California Irvine offered strong value this year, earning the #46 position. Based in Irvine, CA, University Of California Irvine is a public institution. Students from in state pay about $14,752 in tuition and fees, with out-of-state students paying around $46,640. Graduates carry a median of $15,026 in student loans. Median earnings reach $80,735 ten years out. Set against $15,026 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. About 29% of those who apply are admitted. Get the full University Of California Irvine report
University Of Connecticut ranked #47 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Located in Storrs, CT, University Of Connecticut is a public institution. The average in-state cost of tuition and fees is $21,044, compared with $43,712 for out-of-state students. Graduates carry a median of $27,000 in student loans. University Of Connecticut alumni report median earnings of $73,997 a decade after entry. Weighed against typical debt, the earnings make a compelling case for value. University Of Connecticut has an acceptance rate of 52%. See the full University Of Connecticut profile
University Of Dayton placed #47 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. University Of Dayton is a private not-for-profit school based in Dayton, OH. In-state tuition and fees average $49,140. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $25,033. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $75,537. That is a strong return on a $25,033 median debt. Roughly 65% of applicants are accepted. Get the full University Of Dayton report
Northeastern University ranked #49 on our 2026 list of the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools. Located in Boston, MA, Northeastern University is a private not-for-profit institution. Students from in state pay about $66,162 in tuition and fees. Typical Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences student debt is $31,000. A decade after starting, students earn a median of $92,538. Set against $31,000 in median debt, that is a healthy payoff. Northeastern University admits about 5% of applicants. More on Northeastern University
Suny At Binghamton placed #49 among the best-value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences schools in the United States. More on Suny At Binghamton
Drexel University came in at #50 in this year's value ranking. Read more about Drexel University
Related Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Value Rankings
Explore other degree levels:
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Schools (All Levels)
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Undergraduate Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Associate’s Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Certificate Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Master’s Degree Schools
- Best Value Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences Doctoral Degree Schools
Ranking Methodology & Notes
This list is compiled by Healthcare Degree Search (DMS_RANKING_2023), 2026 edition. Rankings consider the balance of cost (tuition and student debt) against student outcomes (post-graduation earnings) — a measure of return on investment — drawn primarily from the U.S. Department of Education (IPEDS and College Scorecard).
Ranking method: College Major Best Value · Scope: Nation. *Averages shown above reflect the top 199 ranked schools only.
References
- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) — National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education (core institutional data).
- College Scorecard — U.S. Department of Education (graduate earnings and outcomes data).